Planetary oceanography

[8] In June 2020, NASA scientists reported that it is likely that exoplanets with oceans may be common in the Milky Way galaxy, based on mathematical modeling studies.[15] The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen; however their planetary geology is not well understood.The possibility of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune having hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised.[19] A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the natural satellites Titan, Europa, Enceladus, Ganymede,[20][21] and Triton;[22][23] and, with less certainty, in Callisto,[24][25] Mimas,[26] Miranda, and Ariel.[28] Geysers or fumaroles have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly originating from an ocean about 10 kilometers (6 mi) beneath the surface ice shell.The Cassini–Huygens space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had.Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.[39] There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia solution.
Artist's conception of subsurface ocean of Enceladus confirmed April 3, 2014 [ 16 ] [ 17 ]
Diagram of Europa's interior showing its global subsurface ocean
Diagram showing a possible internal structure of Ceres
Rendering of a hypothetical large extrasolar moon with surface liquid-water oceans
False-color mosaic of synthetic aperture radar of Kraken Mare on Titan , the largest known body of surface liquid beside Earth's Ocean . The large island Mayda Insula is left of top center, and Jingpo Lacus is at upper left. A portion of Ligeia Mare enters the view at top right.
Water droplet
Water droplet
oceansastrobiologyastrochemistryplanetary geologyEuropaocean worldsSolar SystemNeptuneMars ocean hypothesisrunaway greenhouse effectammoniaconvectingdwarf planetsgiant planetsatmosphericexoplanetsexomoonscircumstellar habitable zoneOcean planetselementscompoundsliquidslakes of TitanGanymedeCallistoEnceladusplanetMilky Way galaxymathematical modeling studiesgas giantshydrogensupercritical fluidJupitercarbonice giantsUranusMagma oceansaccretionnatural satellitesExtraterrestrial liquid waterSaturnliquid hydrogensupercriticalice capsTritonMirandaGeysersfumarolesicy moonsbodies of liquid hydrocarbonsCassini–Huygensdifferentiatedmantletrans-Neptunian objectsdwarf planethabitableextrasolar moonhabitable zonespectroscopyGJ 1214 bice VIIocean planetKepler-22bGliese 581 dGliese 436 bsynthetic aperture radarKraken Marelargest known body of surface liquidJingpo LacusLigeia Marehydrocarbonnitrogenammonia solutionterrestrial planetstidally lockedmagma oceangiant impactsHot Neptuneshydrodynamic escapethalassogenscarbon disulfideethanehydrazinehydrogen cyanidehydrogen sulfidemethanenitric oxidephosphinesilanesulfuric acidSupercritical fluidsatmosphere of Venuscarbon dioxideLava planetList of largest lakes and seas in the Solar SystemOcean worldBibcodeThe Washington PostEurekAlert!Astronomy NowSmithsonian MagazineScienceCiteSeerXIcarusInverseNature GeoscienceUPR AreciboReutersSchaefer, LauraOutlinePropertiesStatesLiquidsuperheatedDeuterium-depletedSemiheavyTritiatedDoubly labeled waterHydroniumDistributionHydrosphereHydrologyHydrobiologyOriginPollutionResourcesmanagementpolicySupplyAsteroidal waterHycean planetList of CandidatesStratificationOcean stratificationLake stratificationOcean temperature