Alfred Landé

Landé's work over cubic and tetrahedral electron trajectories ("cube atoms") became of great interest to Sommerfeld, Peter Debye and Bohr.The spectrum showed non-combining single and double (actually triplet, as it turned out later) terms so that it seemed as if helium was made of two different substances (which is explained today as the result of electron spin).[4] During 1925 Ralph Kronig, who presented the idea of electron spin some months before George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit, was working as an assistant to Landé.However, after 1950 (and for the rest of his life), Landé turned energetically against the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, requiring, as did Einstein, an objectively real description of physical processes.This change was driven by Landé's perception that wave-particle duality was an unnecessary misrepresentation of quantum processes that he instead explained by developing a new unitary particle formulation, without dualistic reference to waves.
ElberfeldGerman EmpireColumbusGermanAmericanUniversity of MunichLandé g-factorLandé interval ruleBorn–Landé equationQuantum mechanicsquantum theoryZeeman effectRhinelandWuppertalArnold SommerfeldDavid HilbertUniversity of GöttingenPaul Peter EwaldMax BornphysicsEdmund LandauCarl RungeLudwig PrandtlNiels BohrHendrik LorentzFirst World WarRed CrosscrystalstetrahedralPeter DebyespectroscopyheliumFriedrich Paschenelectron spinmagnetic quantum numberelectronRalph KronigGeorge UhlenbeckSamuel GoudsmitOhio State UniversityColumbus, OhioWerner HeisenbergWolfgang PauliCopenhagen InterpretationErwin SchrödingerLouis de BroglieAlbert Einsteinelectronsphotonswave-particle dualityLeibnizminority interpretation of quantum mechanicsBibcodeConstance ReidMathematics Genealogy ProjectLeibniz, Gottfried WilhelmNouvelles de la République des Lettres