Agham Kot
[1] According to legend, Muhammad bin Qasim supposedly founded mosques during his brief stay at Agham Kot, providing a starting point for the growth of Muslim religious culture in the city and its surroundings.[8] Around the time of the Samma dynasty, Agham Kot emerged as one of the great learning centres of Sindh, with hundreds of madrasas and thousands of students.[8][4] A prominent figure of this period was the Sufi saint Makhdoom Muhammad Ismail Soomro, who died in 1588 CE (996 AH) and was buried here in a monumental tomb which still stands.[3] Madad Khan destroyed other cities at the time, such as Badin, Bukera, and Nasarpur; they were rebuilt, but Agham Kot was not,[1] and its residents migrated to other parts of Sindh.[4] Other historians, such as Kaleemullah Lashari,[10] favour a more economic explanation: when the Indus changed course in the 1700s, the city no longer had access to a vital artery of transport and commerce, and it lost its status as a major trading centre.[4] The shrine, which is entered by way of a monumental domed gate,[4] consists of a square 8x8 meter structure[1] that is ornately decorated in ceramic tiles, but most of them have since fallen off.Bibi Maham Khadijah belongs to the sacred lineage[13] of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Imam Musa Kazim, and is estimated to arrive in Indian Subcontinent somewhere between 128 A.H and 170 A.H–deduced from the inscription from the grave's headstone,[14] during the rule of Abbasid dynasty over the Arabian peninsula.Due to the persecution of the descendants of Imam Ali son of Abi Talib at the hands of Abbasid caliphs[15] many members from the progeny of Muhammad had to migrate to far-off lands including the children of Imam Musa Al-Kazim, imprisoned at the time on orders of Harun Al-Rashid, which also seems to be the reason of Bibi Maham's migration to Sindh region.The site of Agham Kot is poorly maintained and suffers from official neglect as well as residential encroachment — 130 of its 200 acres are illegally occupied as of 2019.[10] The 2011 Sindh floods uncovered parts of the ruins at Agham Kot, and careless human activity ended up damaging or destroying a lot of what was dislodged.