Đỗ Mười
[4] Đỗ Mười joined the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1939, but was arrested by French authorities in 1941[5] or 1942 and was sentenced for 10 years to forced labour at the Hoa Lo Prison.[5] Đỗ Mười held this post until February 1961, when he was forced to leave politics for a while due to bad health; he was succeeded by Nguyễn Thanh Bình.[5] He returned to politics in November 1967 as Chairman of the Economic Board (later renamed the State Pricing Commission) and in 1969 Đỗ Mười was assigned to the building and construction sector."[7] On 31 March 1978 Đỗ Mười signed a decree, on the behalf of Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đông, on forbidding private property in Vietnam.[15] Đỗ Mười won the election, but Kiệt managed to win 36 percent of the votes – a high percentage for an opponent in Vietnam.[18] Đỗ Mười laid emphasis on political stability, repair of the financial system, controlling inflation and "wasteful spending" and "excessive capital construction plans."[18] In his plans for 1991, Đỗ Mười sought to:[19] At the 7th National Congress, Nguyễn Văn Linh stepped down as General Secretary because of poor health.[21] However, Article 4 enshrines the role of the Communist Party as "the leading force in the State and society", giving the general secretary authority on the overall direction of policy.[26] While the reformers led by Võ Văn Kiệt wanted to open Vietnam to the global economy by neo-liberal means – which meant a total break with Leninist economics – the conservatives wanted the socialist-oriented market economy to be dominated by Vietnam's state-owned enterprises, pointing to the success of South Korea's Chaebol model.In a 1995 letter to the Politburo, later leaked to the press, Võ Văn Kiệt wrote "in order to mobilize the genius of all within party, there must be uncompromising democracy.[26] In response, the conservatives sent Nguyễn Hà Phan around the country to criticise Võ Văn Kiệt, who he claimed was deviating from socialism.[26] As the power struggle continued, Chief of Staff Đào Đình Luyện was demoted from his post because his support of reforms and Nguyễn Hà Phan was dropped from the Politburo and put under house arrest on charges of treason in April 1996.[27] The conservatives launched a campaign led by Đào Duy Tùng, the editor-in-chief of Communist Review (Vietnamese: Tạp chí Cộng Sản).[28] The fall of Đào Duy Tùng, Đỗ Mười's planned successor, led to a compromise: the general secretary, prime minister and president were reelected at the 8th Congress without a majority because of the conservative – reformist power struggle.He further emphasized "foreign policy plays a more and more important role .... We have realized that in the present era, no country – regardless of its high degree of development – can close its doors to the world."[29] He expressed the Party's concern that such an open foreign policy would weaken national security, but stated "Over the past several years, hostile forces have relentlessly carried out acts of sabotage against our country.[33] Normalization arrived in November when Đỗ Mười and Võ Văn Kiệt visited China and held discussions with Jiang and Premier Li Peng that later led to an 11-point communique.Đỗ Mười led a delegation to Kaysone Phomvihane, the former Chairman of the Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP).[40] While some called for economic sanctions or even military intervention, on the advice of the Central Committee's Commission for External Relations, it adopted a declaration as the best response to the issue."[46] Đỗ Mười, together with Võ Văn Kiệt and Lê Đức Anh, was appointed to the Advisory Council of the Central Committee, where he remained until the body's dissolution in 2001.[49] Under Đỗ Mười, the Central Committee plenae focused on national issues rather than on the party as had been the case under Nguyễn Văn Linh.[50] According to Louis Stern, "Muoi introduced into the plenary session a process of small group work in preparing specific policy assessments that drew on the recommendations of participating technical specialists, unidentified 'scientific groups,' 'intellectuals at home and abroad' (possibly a reference to overseas Vietnamese investors, businessmen and economists), veterans, as well as the conventional assortment of party cadres, members and party committee representatives".[50] In contrast to Nguyễn Văn Linh, Đỗ Mười sought common ground with the Central Committee rather than campaigning for his own views.[51] According to Louis Stern, "Unlike Nguyen Van Linh, Muoi did not seek to plot out unique alternatives to nagging problems, propose unconventional approaches to issues, or forge a new consensus on critical matters.Much less forceful than his predecessor in urging support for his views, Muoi was, if anything, on the conservative side of the equation on several matters", such as securing state domination over the economy and retaining strong party control over the country.
Vietnamese namesurnamegiven nameGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of VietnamNguyễn Văn LinhLê Khả PhiêuSecretaryCentral Military – Party CommitteeCommunist PartyChairmanCouncil of MinistersVietnamVõ Văn KiệtDeputy Prime Minister of VietnamPhạm Văn ĐồngMinister of ConstructionTrần Đại NghĩaĐồng Sĩ NguyênThanh Trì DistrictFrench IndochinaCommunist Party of VietnamChairman of the Council of MinistersGeneral SecretaryCentral Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam7th Congresscollective leadershipeconomic reform11th CongressesCentral Military Hospital 108Thanh Trì, HanoiColonialismEmpire of VietnamViet MinhFirst Indochina WarHai PhongCentral CommitteeHồ Chí Minh MausoleumDeputy Prime MinisterPolitburoNorth Vietnamprivate propertyLê Duẩnplanned economymarket economyTrường Chinh6th Party CongressĐổi Mớisocialist-oriented market economyPhạm HùngNational Assembly of VietnamEastern Blocagricultureinflation7th National CongressLê Đức Anh1992 ConstitutionAsian financial crisis of the late-1990sneo-liberalLeninist economicsstate-owned enterprisesSouth KoreaChaebol modelsocialist stateshouse arrestNon-Aligned MovementAugust coupSoviet Unioncountry's dissolutionCommonwealth of Independent StatesJiang ZeminChinese Communist PartyPremierLi Pengfall of communismEastern EuropeDeng Xiaopingparamount leaderNorth KoreaMongolian People's RepublicKaysone PhomvihaneLao People's Revolutionary Party5th LPRP CongressSouth China Seacontinental shelfSecretariat6th LPRP CongressCentral Military Commission7th Politburo6th National CongressMarxism–LeninismHồ Chí Minh Thoughtdemocratic centralismmeans of productionfreedom of the presscriticism, debate and diversitypolitical scienceHo Chi Minh ThoughtMaoistturned 100Phan Văn KhảiGold Star OrderOrder of the Rising SunAsian SurveyPike, DouglasCurrent HistoryOxford University PressInstitute of Southeast Asian StudiesPrime Minister of VietnamTrần PhúLê Hồng PhongHà Huy TậpNguyễn Văn CừHồ Chí MinhNông Đức MạnhNguyễn Phú TrọngTô LâmPermanent MemberLê Đức ThọVõ Chí CôngTrương Tấn SangLê Hồng AnhĐinh Thế HuynhTrần Quốc VượngVõ Văn ThưởngTrương Thị MaiLương Cường